This page constitutes a Chapter 4 ʿAlāma (Mark of Recognition)

Under the juridical authority of the 1786 Mālikī Sharia Hiba (Grant) — Empire of Morocco ⇔ United States of America

Codified at 8 Stat. 484, September 16, 1836

Arabicʿalāma baynanā naʿrifu bihā — “a mark between us by which we know each other.” “Signal/pass” is a modern English operational gloss; the controlling Arabic term is ʿalāma.

HonoreesThe sovereign honorifics el, al, bey, Dey, Ali identify the primary beneficiary class under Chapter 4 ʿAlāma.

Terminology note of record — August 3, 2026. The series' recognition term is ʿalāma (plural ʿalāmāt; root ʿ-l-m, 'alama). Volumes J and K stand conformed to this register in their certified re-issues of record (Volume J R3, 2026-08); earlier printings used the rendering “'aldmah.”

A scholarly series · Empire of Morocco Global Trade Ecosystem

The Architecture of Peace

The 1786 Treaty of Peace and Friendship — a peace its author set down to endure — read through the legal tradition in which it was written.

Explore the volumes Read the premise

THE MOORS’ CHANNEL OF RECORD — every price here is 24% of the 4everpeace list, rounded down to the whole dollar. Recognition is never sold, and the record is never the price of anything; the endowed sources are free at tribunal.empireofmorocco.org.

Dr. Yasapa-Al Chicago author-date Mālikī tradition

The series

A treaty, read as it was written.

In 1786 the United States and the Empire of Morocco concluded a Treaty of Peace and Friendship — the oldest unbroken treaty relationship in American history.

The Architecture of Peace reads that instrument on its own terms: through the Mālikī legal tradition in which it was drafted, and against the Library of Congress's certified Statutes at Large as the controlling text — not a later facsimile of it.

Across its volumes the series argues that the treaty is best understood not as a diplomatic courtesy but as a self-activating legal instrument — a grant, in the classical sense of hiba, with a grantor, a settled form, and a class of beneficiaries the text itself names. Each volume takes up one part of that reading: an article, a doctrine, a vocabulary, a rule of breach.

This is scholarship, not counsel. It sets out a reading and the authorities behind it, and leaves the reader to weigh them.

I · Text

Controlling text

The certified Statutes at Large as the governing source — with the 1786 Arabic instrument kept distinct from its 1931 printed facsimile.

II · Period

Period meaning

Terms read only through authorities the treaty's own era would recognize, no later than the 1836 renewal.

III · Doctrine

Mālikī doctrine

The classical law of the gift — hiba — as the framework the instrument was actually written within.

The instrument

A peace set down to remain.

صُلْح · مُسْتَمِرًّا

“…trusting in God it will remain permanent.”

Certified 1786 translation · approved by Jefferson & Adams

The seal & opening

Doc. 14 · p. 186

The Emperor’s opening ʿalāma and seal — the sovereign mark by which the instrument authenticates itself and declares the peace a standing grant.

Article 4 · the ʿalāma

p. 190 · 8 Stat. 484 (1836)

A “signal” given that the parties may know one another — the term the series traces from Mālikī pledge law into the 1836 codification.

The series takes its name from the instrument itself. In 1786 the Emperor of Morocco set his seal to a peace declared not as a passing courtesy but as a standing grant — a hiba made to endure. That stated intent — permanence — is the architecture the whole series is built to read.

The same document fixes, in Article 4, the ʿalāma — the sovereign mark by which the parties are to know one another. In the series’ reading the grant is a hiba that conveys a branch of the Emperor’s own prerogative, the honours he bestows included; the ʿalāma is the sign by which the honoured beneficiary class is recognised, and the hinge on which the later volumes turn.

The instrument names itself ṣulḥ — a peace; C. Snouck Hurgronje, the Orientalist the United States retained to examine the Arabic, rendered its duration دائمة (dāʾima) — permanent. Facsimile: Hunter Miller, Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States, vol. 2, Document 14 — seal and opening at p. 186, Article 4 at p. 190. Public-domain United States government record; the treaty is codified at 8 Stat. 484 (1836).

Correction of record — August 3, 2026. The instrument's duration word is دائمة (dāʾima, “permanent”), in the preamble; the certified translation reads “trusting in God it will remain permanent” (Miller vol. 2, Doc. 14). An earlier rendering on this page used “mustamirran”; it is corrected on verification against the certified translation.

Facsimile of the Emperor's seal and the opening of the 1786 treaty instrument — The seal & opening · Doc. 14, p. 186

Facsimile of Article 4 of the 1786 treaty instrument, establishing the ʿalāma — Article 4 · the ʿalāma · p. 190

The volumes

One sky, wrapped across a shelf.

Every volume wears one continuous night sky, so the set stands together as a single panorama. The series moves from foundations, through the doctrine of the grant, to formal examination and certification. Tap any cover to look inside — the front matter and the opening of the first chapter, generated from the certified frozen object itself — and to choose how to own it.

The argument in order — Volumes J, K, L, M: the doctrine of the grant; Volume N: the evidence of record; Volume O: the remedy.

Foundations & Frameworks Volumes A – I

Volume A

Foundations & Applied Frameworks

The Controlling Treaty Commentary & the Ijāza Restoration Framework

Volume B

Jurisdiction, Record & Breach

Merchant Jurisdiction, Consular Venue & the Reading of the Record

Volume C

Breach, Non-Performance & War

Treaty Consequences After the Collapse of Peace Performance

Volume D

The Period Dictionary

Treaty-Faithful Definitions Governing Volumes A–G

Volume E

Article 24

Entitlements, Indulgences & the Architecture of Peace

Volume F

The Bilingual Treaty

Arabic Text, English Text & the Architecture of Interpretation

Volume G

Article 21

Deterrence, Personal Accountability & the Preservation of Peace

Volume H

Maxims of the Law of Nations

Reasoning Principles Governing Treaties, Sovereignty & Peace

Volume I

Case Studies in Treaty Performance & Non-Performance

Treaty Gateways, Performance & Collapse · Dungey, the Sundry Moors & Dred Scott

The Grant Volumes J – O

Volume J

The Host & the Guest

The Sovereign Grant, the Secret Signals & the Curation of the Record

Re-issue of record — Volume J R3, 2026-08

Volume K

The Law of Grants & the Law of Trusts

Under the Period Authorities

Freeze of record — VOLUME-K-GRANTS-AND-TRUSTS-CANONICAL-2026-04

Volume L

The Grantor’s Legal Tradition & the 1836 Instrument

Mālikī Hiba, the Makhzen & the Impossibility of the 1836 “Renewal”

Freeze of record — VOLUME-L-GRANTORS-LEGAL-TRADITION-CANONICAL-2026-04

Volume M

Heirs of the Grant

The Beneficiary Class of the 1786 Mālikī Hiba

Freeze of record — VOLUME-M-CANONICAL-2026-05

Volume N

The Trustee’s Admissions Chain

Post-1791 documentary record of the 1786 Hiba’s acknowledgment

Freeze of record — VOLUME-N-CANONICAL-2026-07-A

Volume O

The Remedial Path

The Instrument, the Class, the Breach, the Remedy & the Landscape

Canonical master of record — VOLUME-O-CANONICAL-2026-08

The Companions of Record ḤIBAH · CORPUS · Companions I & J

Companions of Record

The Ḥibah Doctrine Volume

The Mālikī Law of the 1786 Grant and Its 1836 Renewal · Second Edition (R2) · 118 pages

Companions of Record

The Corpus Sourcebook Volume

The Empire of Morocco Treaty Corpus: A Documentary Sourcebook · Second Edition (R2) · 79 pages

Companions of Record

Companion I — The Cases Re-read

The Unilateral Lens · A Case-Record Companion · Fourth Edition (R4) · 140 pages

Companions of Record

Companion J — The Office Moves

Consular Command of the Grantee’s Machinery · A Source-Document Companion · Fourth Edition (R4) · 95 pages

The premium tier of record — the doctrine and the sources above the case apparatus, the apparatus above the Grant tier: ḤIBAH & CORPUS $840 · Companions I & J $720 (24% of the lists of record, $3,500 / $3,000 — publishing to 4everpeace with the volumes). Print editions add printing, mailing & labor at cost, quoted before settlement.

Examination & Certification The J & S programs

Shown for the record — the examinations are administered to qualified students upon request; the keys are issued only within the examination process. Never sold, never sampled. Requests: [email protected]

Volume J-SAT

The SAT Examination

Sovereign-Level Academic Training · 333 Questions

Volume J-Key

Official Answer Key

Pedagogy-Enhanced · 333 Questions

Volume J-Ijazah

Advanced Certification Examination

49 Scenarios · 5 Domains · Four-Gate Framework

Volume J-Ijazah Key

Ijazah Key

Model Responses & Scoring Rubric

Volume S

The SAT Examination

Sovereign-Level Academic Training · 333 Questions

Volume S-Key

Official Answer Key

Pedagogy-Enhanced · SAT · 333 Questions

The covers

Every volume wears the same night sky.

The Great Bear turns overhead — the northern, circumpolar authority the series calls the Great Mother. On the back board, Sirius rises at the horizon: the southern authority, a heliacal dawn rendered in amber.

No lines are drawn between the stars and nothing is labelled; the sky is left to be read the way the treaty is. A single panorama wraps across the boards, so that shelved together the set stands as one continuous sky.

Read & acquire

Two ways to own it — and one door to certification.

Own any volume as a watermarked PDF, or hold it in print. Every copy is served directly — no third-party storefront, and payment settles straight into our account by direct deposit. Every price here is 24% of the 4everpeace list of record, rounded down to the whole dollar — never more.

Examination & Certification

For qualified students

The J & S examinations are administered to qualified students upon request; the keys are issued only within the examination process. Never sold, never sampled.

Request the examination

Download

Watermarked PDF

Own any volume as a PDF, stamped to your name and yours to keep — delivered by a private, expiring link.

Order in print

Paperback

Request a printed edition, produced to order and shipped to you.

Or take a single track

Direct deposit — no third-party processor

Every order is settled by international wire transfer (USD) or money transfer service (Xoom, Wise, Remitly, Western Union, Sendwave) into the Empire of Morocco Global Trade Ecosystem account at Vietcombank — no card processor takes a percentage, and no storefront sits between you and the press. Choose what you would like, and you will receive a unique payment reference and our banking details; once your transfer clears, your private, expiring delivery link arrives by email.

Every copy is delivered securely and licensed to you. Tap any cover above to look inside, download, or order that volume directly.

The Moors’ channel

The 24% rule of record.

The endowment funds the free and reduced-price distribution of the record. Heirs of the land purchase the volumes here, at the reduced price of record; the reduced-price fund carries the difference.

Every sold price in this store is 24% of the corresponding list price at 4everpeace — the series’ institutional channel — rounded down to the whole dollar. Never more. The four companion volumes stand in the premium tier of record — lists of $3,500 (the doctrine and the sources) and $3,000 (the case companions), set premium against the series on relative value; their prices here are the same 24% rule applied to those lists, and the lists publish to 4everpeace when the institutional site adds the volumes. Print editions carry the volume price plus the actual costs of printing, mailing, and the office’s labor — quoted before settlement; the schedule publishes here the moment the office furnishes it. The examination volumes are not sold at any price: they are administered to qualified students upon request.

The 24% table of record — list price → the Moors’ price here
Item	List of record	This store (24%)
Foundations volumes A–I — per volume, PDF	$1,500	$360
The Grant volumes J–O — per volume, PDF	$2,500	$600
The Ḥibah Doctrine Volume · The Corpus Sourcebook Volume — per volume, PDF	$3,500 *	$840
Companion I · Companion J — per volume, PDF	$3,000 *	$720
Foundations track bundle (A–I, PDF)	$12,150	$2,916
The Grant track bundle (J–O, PDF)	$14,000	$3,360
Print editions — any sold volume	—	volume price + printing, mailing & labor at cost
Examination & Certification volumes (J-SAT · J-Key · J-Ijazah · J-Ijazah Key · S · S-Key)	—	not sold — administered to qualified students

Rounding of record: where 24% of a list price is not a whole dollar, the price rounds down to the whole dollar, so no price ever exceeds 24% of list. Every sold price above is a whole-dollar exact product of the rule. * Companion lists are the lists of record, set 2026-09-13 premium against the series on relative value; they publish to 4everpeace with the volumes.

Free reading

The endowed sources.

Nothing here gates the record. The source materials of record — the Documents of Record, their registers and facsimiles, the instruments, and the NI-Ijāzah examination paper — are endowed and free at the endowed layer — tribunal.empireofmorocco.org — to read, to copy by hand, to transcribe, and to download, every object hash-verified against the publication register. The volumes themselves are not endowed. Every Architecture of Peace volume — the fifteen series volumes and the four companions (the Ḥibah Doctrine Volume, the Corpus Sourcebook Volume, Companions I and J) alike — is scholarship, sold here in print and in paid PDF. Free reading of the volumes is delivered through the endowed reading room as it is prepared (Charter, Clause IV). What the store sells is ownership — print and paid PDF — never access.

Certificates & labor-services

The work of the office.

Formatted exemplars and certificates, print & mail, certification and archival registration, and instruction are labor-services of the office — cost-based, scheduled in advance, and never a precondition of access to the record (Charter, Clause III). The ijāzah — the certificate of competency in the Nationality Instrument — is issued here as a labor-service (formatting, certification, registration) to the candidate who has passed the examination; the examination itself is free at the tribunal site. Requests: [email protected].

The endowment desk

Ikrām al-Wāqif — honoring the endower.

“The gift is hiba — gratuitous, without consideration. The office’s thanks is thawāb — a courtesy, never a price. Reading the record is endowed and free to all, endower or not: no gift purchases the record, and no courtesy is owed.” — The endowment rule of record. The Mālikī school knows the return upon a gift (thawāb ʿalā al-hiba) — valid precisely because it was never stipulated as consideration; what is stipulated as the price of a gift is no gift at all but an exchange (hiba bi-l-ʿiwaḍ), and this office does not sell the record.

Ikrām al-Wāqif — the endower’s courtesy (suggested monthly levels)
Tier	Monthly	The office’s thanks — store-side only, never record access
Qārīʾ — Reader	$9	Name on the Endowment Ledger of record (with consent)
Nāṣir — Helper	$24	Ledger + the year’s errata sheets in print
Wāqif — Endower	$48	Ledger + the courtesy volume credit: one credit per year of continuous endowment, redeemable at the store toward one volume (print or PDF download)

Give what you will — your amount, your frequency. The tiers are suggestions, not gates: hiba knows no floor. The giver chooses the amount (any sum), the frequency (one-time, monthly, or annual), and the purpose (the general endowment, the reduced-price fund, or the archive fund). Monthly and annual gifts may stand automatic — by standing transfer instruction at the giver’s own bank under the same unique reference. Gifts settle through the direct-deposit mechanism of record: push-only, never pulling from the giver. To make a gift: address the office — the reply carries your unique reference of record and the coordinates. Every gift, of any size, receives its receipt.

The courtesy volume credit is issued as a seasonal code, valid ninety days. Every courtesy may be withdrawn; none is owed; and none touches the record, which is endowed and free to all.

Portrait of Dr. John Darrell-El (Dr. Yasapa-Al), author of the Architecture of Peace

The author

Dr. John Darrell-El (Yasapa-Al), MD, MBA

Primary Beneficiary · Consular Economic Attaché, Empire of Morocco

Author of the Architecture of Peace, written in the Chicago author-date tradition — every claim traced to a source the treaty's own era would accept.

Beyond the series, Dr. Darrell-El lectures in International Business (IB) and Business Academic Skills (BAS).

Read the series.

Begin with the foundations, or go straight to the doctrine of the grant. The whole sky is one argument.

Where to find the volumes Read the premise